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Volcanoes
グローバルに見た火山

Global Perspectives

¥ 6,938 (tax included)

Description

Volcanoes are essential elements in the delicate global balance of elemental forces that govern both the dynamic evolution of the Earth and the nature of Life itself. Without volcanic activity, life as we know it would not exist on our planet. Although beautiful to behold, volcanoes are also potentially destructive, and understanding their nature is critical to prevent major loss of life in the future.
Richly illustrated with over 300 original color photographs and diagrams the book is written in an informal manner, with minimum use of jargon, and relies heavily on first-person, eye-witness accounts of eruptive activity at both "red" (effusive) and "grey" (explosive) volcanoes to illustrate the full spectrum of volcanic processes and their products. Decades of teaching in university classrooms and fieldwork on active volcanoes throughout the world have provided the authors with unique experiences that they have distilled into a highly readable textbook of lasting value. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion, Suggestions for Further Reading, and a comprehensive list of source references make this work a major resource for further study of volcanology.

Volcanoes maintains three core foci:
* Global perspectives explain volcanoes in terms of their tectonic positions on Earth and their roles in earth history;
* Environmental perspectives describe the essential role of volcanism in the moderation of terrestrial climate and atmosphere; and
* Humanitarian perspectives discuss the major influences of volcanoes on human societies. This latter is especially important as resource scarcities and environmental issues loom over our world, and as increasing numbers of people are threatened by volcanic hazards.

Contents

Preface
PART I - INTRODUCTION

1. Eruptions, Jargon, and History

A 'grey volcano' in eruption - Galunggung - 1982

A 'red volcano' in eruption - Kilauea - 1974

Some basic terminology

History of volcanology

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion


PART II - THE BIG PICTURE

2. Global Perspectives - Plate Tectonics and Volcanism

Birth of a theory

Volcanoes along divergent plate boundaries

Volcanoes along convergent plate boundaries

Intraplate volcanoes

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

3. The Nature of Magma - Where Volcanoes Come From

Origins of magma

The physics and chemistry of melting

Classification of magma and igneous rocks

Principal magma types

Magmatic and volcanic gases

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

4. The Physical Properties of Magma and Why it Erupts

Magma temperatures

Magma rheology

Magma ascent and emplacement

'Frozen magma' - subvolcanic intrusives

Triggers for volcanic eruptions - why volcanoes erupt;

Repose intervals

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

PART III - VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND THEIR PRODUCTS

5. Classifying Volcanic Eruptions

Rittman diagrams

Lacroix classification system

Geze classification diagram

Volcanic explosivity index VEI

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

6. Effusive Volcanic Eruptions and Their Products

Surface textures - Pahoehoe and Effusive eruption types

Pahoehoe surface structures

Pahoehoe internal structures

'A'a surfaces and structures

Block lavas

Radiocarbon dating of prehistoric lava flows

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

7. An Overview of Explosive Eruptions and Their Products

Ejecta classification

Explosive eruption styles and their products

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

8. A Closer Look at Large-scale Explosive Eruptions

Measuring the sizes of Plinian eruptions

Plinian eruption dynamics

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)

PDC flow regimes

Phreatoplinian eruptions

Precursors to Plinian eruptions

'Super-eruptions'

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

PART IV - VOLCANIC LANDFORMS AND SETTINGS

9.Constructional ('Positive')Volcanic Landforms

Large igneous provinces

Shield volcanoes

Composite volcanoes

Minor volcanic landforms

Volcano old age and extinction

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

10. 'Negative' Volcanic Landforms - Craters and Calderas

Small craters

Calderas

Subcaldera intrusions

Post-caldera resurgence

Volcano-tectonic depressions

Caldera formation mechanisms

Caldera roots - relationships to plutonic rocks

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

11. Mass-wasting Processes and Products

Landslides and avalanche

Lahars and hyperconcentrated flows

Lahar dynamics

Lahar 'facies'

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

12. Volcanoes Unseen and Far Away

Submarine and subglacial volcanoes - the meeting of fire, water, and ice

Extraterrestrial volcanoes

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

PART V - HUMANISTIC VOLCANOLOGY

13. Volcanoes: Life, Climate, and Human History

Volcanoes and the origin of life

Volcanoes, atmosphere, and climate

Volcanic influence on soil fertility and agriculture

Volcanoes and human history

Social impact of volcanic eruptions

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

14. Volcanic Hazards and Risk - Monitoring and Mitigation

Hazards and risk

Volcanic hazards

Volcanic risk

Volcanic crisis management

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

15. Economic Volcanology

Earth energy relationships

Volcano energy

Geothermal power

Volcanoes and ore deposits

Other useful volcanic materials

Additional reading

Questions for thought, study, and discussion

Epilogue: The Future of Volcanology

References

Index